MICHIGAN TORNADO SOUNDING REANALYSIS ARCHIVE
(Reading the disclaimer before use is suggested)
Welcome!
This page acts as a library of model reanalysis vertical profiles (soundings) that represent near-storm environments of notable Michigan tornado, and significant hail events from 1943-present using RAP/RUC (UCAR) & ERA-5 (ECMWF) reanalysis data. This archive is meant to act as a reference and to aid CMU student forecasters in pattern recognition of tornadic & large hail environments in Michigan.
Total cases in archive: 53 | Dates: 1943-2023
(E)F5 Cases: 4% | (E)F4 Cases: 22% | (E)F3 Cases: 26%
INSTRUCTIONS: Select a date/event below to view the plot and information regarding the event. Click the plot to enlarge.
TORNADO CASES BY DECADE:
1940s
> May 31, 1943 - Coopersville F2
EVENT LOCATION: Ottawa County | Coopersville
EVENT DATE: May 31st, 1943 – 10:30 PM ET
NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 1
MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F2
MAX PATH LENGTH: 8.3 miles / 13.3 km
MAX WIDTH: 300 yd
MAX WIND: UND
MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 (PRELIM BACK EXTENSION) F00 – RUN: 06/01/43/02 UTC – VAILD: 06/01/43/02 UTC – LOCATION: Allendale, Mich
Read more about this event:
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> June 1, 1943 - Perry / Morrice F4
EVENT LOCATION: Ingham and Shiawassee County | Perry, Morrice, Bancroft, Durand
EVENT DATE: June 1th, 1943 – 9:00 PM ET
NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 3
MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F4
MAX PATH LENGTH: 17.6 miles / 28.3 km
MAX WIDTH: 400 yd
MAX WIND: UND
MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 (PRELIM BACK EXTENSION) F00 – RUN: 06/02/43/01 UTC – VAILD: 06/02/43/01 UTC – LOCATION: Nicholson, Mich
Read more about this event:
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> June 17, 1946 - Metro Detroit - Windsor, ON F4
EVENT LOCATION: Wayne County | Metro Detroit to Windsor, ON
EVENT DATE: June 17th, 1946 – 6:55 PM ET
NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 2
MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F4
MAX PATH LENGTH: 17.4 miles / 23.1 km
MAX WIDTH: 200 yd
MAX WIND: UND
MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 (PRELIM BACK EXTENSION) F00 – RUN: 06/17/46/22 UTC – VAILD: 06/17/46/22 UTC – LOCATION: Lincoln Park, Mich
Read more about this event:
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> September 24, 1946 - Escanaba F2 EVENT LOCATION: Delta County | Escanaba EVENT DATE: September 24th, 1946 – 18:45 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 3 miles / 4.8 km MAX WIDTH: 200 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 (PRELIM BACK EXTENSION) F00 – RUN: 09/24/46/18 UTC – VAILD: 09/24/46/18 UTC – LOCATION: Escanaba, Mich Read more about this event: – > June 8, 1953 - The Great Flint-Beecher F5 (10th Deadliest Tornado in US history) EVENT LOCATION: Genesee and Lapeer County | Mount Morris to North Flint to Columbiaville EVENT DATE: June 8th, 1953 – 9:30 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 7 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F5 MAX PATH LENGTH: 18.9 miles / 30.4 km MAX WIDTH: 833 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 (PRELIM BACK EXTENSION) F00 – RUN: 06/09/53/01 UTC – VAILD: 06/09/53/01 UTC – LOCATION: Flint, Mich Read more about this event: > June 8, 1953 - Lapeer and St. Clair F4 EVENT LOCATION: Lapeer & St. Clair County | Kings Mill – Yale – North Lakeport EVENT DATE: June 8th, 1953 – 11:30 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 7 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F4 MAX PATH LENGTH: 33.8 miles / 54.3 km MAX WIDTH: 830 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 (PRELIM BACK EXTENSION) F00 – RUN: 06/09/53/03 UTC – VAILD: 06/09/53/03 UTC – LOCATION: Goodland, Mich (6 miles SE Kings Mill, Mich) Read more about this event: – > April 3, 1956 - Grand Rapids Long Track F5 (Michigan's Most Recent (E)F5) EVENT LOCATION: Ottawa, Kent, Montcalm Counties | Vriesland to Grand Rapids to Trufant EVENT DATE: April 3rd, 1956 – 6:40 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 4 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F5 MAX PATH LENGTH: 58.8 miles / 94.6 km MAX WIDTH: 400 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 (PRELIM BACK EXTENSION) F00 – RUN: 04/03/56/22 UTC – VAILD: 04/03/56/22 UTC – LOCATION: Grand Rapids, Mich Read more about this event: NWS GRR: https://www.weather.gov/grr/1956TornadoOutbreakVrieslandTrufant > April 3, 1956 - Lake Michigan to Grand Traverse Bay Long Track F4 EVENT LOCATION: Manistee, Benzie, Grand Traverse, Leelanau Counties | Onekama to Bingham EVENT DATE: April 3rd, 1956 – 7:35 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 4 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F4 MAX PATH LENGTH: 50.3 miles / 80.9 km MAX WIDTH: 400 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 (PRELIM BACK EXTENSION) F00 – RUN: 04/03/56/23 UTC – VAILD: 04/03/56/23 UTC – LOCATION: Cadillac, Mich (40 miles E Onekama, Mich) Read more about this event: NWS GRR: https://www.weather.gov/grr/1956TornadoOutbreakVrieslandTrufant > May 12, 1956 - Flint & Burton F4 EVENT LOCATION: Genesee County | Flint to Burton EVENT DATE: May 12th, 1956 – 7:25 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 11 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F4 MAX PATH LENGTH: 6.6 miles / 10.6 km MAX WIDTH: 100 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 (PRELIM BACK EXTENSION) F00 – RUN: 05/12/56/23 UTC – VAILD: 05/12/56/23 UTC – LOCATION: Grand Blanc, Mich (4 miles S Burton, Mich) Read more about this event: > July 4, 1957 - Independence Day Oakland County F4 EVENT LOCATION: Livingston & Oakland Counties | Brighton to Wixom to Farmington Hills to Royal Oak EVENT DATE: July 4th, 1957 – 7:55 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F4 MAX PATH LENGTH: 29.9 miles / 40.1 km MAX WIDTH: 100 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 (PRELIM BACK EXTENSION) F00 – RUN: 07/04/57/23 UTC – VAILD: 07/04/57/23 UTC – LOCATION: Novi, Mich (4 miles SSE Wixom, Mich) Read more about this event: – > September 22, 1961 - Ottawa & Kent Counties F2 EVENT LOCATION: Ottawa and Kent County | Marne to Fruit Ridge Center EVENT DATE: September 22th, 1961 – 6:22 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 2.7 miles / 4.3 km MAX WIDTH: 2000 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 09/22/61/21 UTC – VAILD: 09/22/61/21 UTC – LOCATION: Grand Rapids (8 miles SE Marne) Read more about this event: – >April 11, 1965 - Grand Rapids F4 - Palm Sunday 'Super Outbreak' EVENT LOCATION: Ottawa and Kent County | Allendale to Grand Rapids to Rockford EVENT DATE: April 11th, 1965 – 6:54 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 12 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F4 MAX PATH LENGTH: 20 miles / 32.1 km MAX WIDTH: 300 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 04/11/65/23 UTC – VAILD: 04/11/65/23 UTC – LOCATION: Grand Rapids Read more about this event: > April 11, 1965 - Southern Mich Long Track F4 - Palm Sunday 'Super Outbreak' EVENT LOCATION: Steuben County, IN to Branch, Hillsdale, Lenawee, Washtenaw, Monroe Counties, MI EVENT DATE: April 11th, 1965 – 7:03 PM ET to 8:15 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 12 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F4 MAX PATH LENGTH: 90.3 miles / 145.3 km MAX WIDTH: UND – a damage path up to 4 miles wide was found but this damage was caused by two tornadoes. MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 04/12/65/00 UTC – VAILD: 04/12/65/00 UTC – LOCATION: Hudson, Mich (15 miles SSE Hillsdale, Mich) Read more about this event: > April 11, 1965 - DeWitt F4 - Palm Sunday 'Super Outbreak' EVENT LOCATION: Clinton and Shiawassee Counties | DeWitt to Bennington EVENT DATE: April 11th, 1965 – 9:15 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 12 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F4 MAX PATH LENGTH: 21 miles / 33.7 km MAX WIDTH: 100 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 04/12/65/00 UTC – VAILD: 04/12/65/00 UTC – LOCATION: DeWitt, Mich Read more about this event: > June 26, 1969 - Traverse City F3 EVENT LOCATION: Clinton and Shiawassee Counties | DeWitt to Bennington EVENT DATE: June 26th, 1969 – 3:30 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES: 2 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F3 MAX PATH LENGTH: 6.4 miles / 10.2 km MAX WIDTH: 600 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 06/26/69/19 UTC – VAILD: 06/26/69/19 UTC – LOCATION: Traverse City, Mich Read more about this event: – > April 3, 1974 - Hillsdale to Liberty F2 (1974 'Super Outbreak') EVENT LOCATION: Hillsdale & Jackson Counties | Hillsdale to Liberty Township EVENT DATE: April 3rd, 1974 – 8:44 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 5 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 19.3 miles / 30 km MAX WIDTH: 440 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 04/04/74/00 UTC – VAILD: 04/04/74/00 UTC – LOCATION: Hudson, Mich (15 miles SE Hillsdale, Mich) Read more about this event: – > March 20, 1976 - Farmington Hills F4 EVENT LOCATION: Oakland County | Farmington Hills and West Bloomfield Township EVENT DATE: March 20th, 1976 – 8:15 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 5 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F4 MAX PATH LENGTH: 3.8 miles / 6.1 km MAX WIDTH: 117 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 03/20/76/01 UTC – VAILD: 03/20/76/01 UTC – LOCATION: Farmington Hills. Mich Read more about this event: – > April 2, 1977 - Bellevue to Eaton Rapids F4 EVENT LOCATION: Eaton County – Bellevue to Eaton Rapids EVENT DATE: April 2nd, 1977 – 4:06 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 5 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F4 MAX PATH LENGTH: ~18 miles / ~28.9 km MAX WIDTH: 616 yds MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 04/02/77/19 UTC – VAILD: 04/02/77/19 UTC – LOCATION: Brookfield, Mich (8 miles WSW Eaton Rapids, Mich) > April 2, 1977 - Kalamazoo to Augusta F4 EVENT LOCATION: Kalamazoo County | Kalamazoo to Augusta EVENT DATE: April 2nd, 1977 – 3:30 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 5 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F4 MAX PATH LENGTH: 12.4 miles /19.9 km MAX WIDTH: 183 yds MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 04/02/77/19 UTC – VAILD: 04/02/77/19 UTC – LOCATION: Climax, Mich (7 miles SSE Augusta, Mich) > July 26, 1978 - Michigan Record Hail | 4.5 inches EVENT LOCATION: Livingston County EVENT DATE: July 26, 1978 MAX REPORTED HAIL SIZE: 4.5″ MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 07/26/78/21 UTC – VAILD: 07/26/78/21 UTC – LOCATION: Howell, Mich > May 13, 1980 - Kalamazoo F3 EVENT LOCATION: Kalamazoo County | Kalamazoo EVENT DATE: May 13th, 1980 – 3:58 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 2 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F3 MAX PATH LENGTH: 10.6 miles / 17 km MAX WIDTH: 450 ft MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 05/13/80/19 UTC – VAILD: 05/13/80/19 UTC – LOCATION: Portage, Mich (6 miles S Kalamazoo, Mich) Read more about this event: > June 9, 1982 - Saginaw County F2 EVENT LOCATION: Saginaw County | Lakefield to Saginaw EVENT DATE: June 9th, 1982 – 4:25 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 7 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 19 miles / 30.5 km MAX WIDTH: 300 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 06/09/82/19 UTC – VAILD: 06/09/82/19 UTC – LOCATION: Chesaning, Mich (18 miles SW Saginaw, Mich) Read more about this event: – > June 12, 1984 - Bay & Huron Counties (Saginaw Bay) F3 EVENT LOCATION: Bay County to the Saginaw Bay to Huron County – Bay City to Bay Port EVENT DATE: June 12th, 1984 – 6:20 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F3 MAX PATH LENGTH: 38 miles / 61.1 km MAX WIDTH: 500 ft MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 06/12/84/22 UTC – VAILD: 06/12/84/22 UTC – LOCATION: Saginaw, Mich (12 miles SSW Bay City, Mich) Read more about this event: – > July 14, 1984 - Schoolcraft & Mackinac County F2 EVENT LOCATION: Schoolcraft & Mackinac Counties – Hiawatha to Curtis EVENT DATE: July 14th, 1984 – 8:00 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F3 MAX PATH LENGTH: 27 miles / 43.5 km MAX WIDTH: 100 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 07/15/84/00 UTC – VAILD: 07/15/84/00 UTC – LOCATION: Manistique, Mich (10 miles S Hiawatha, Mich) Read more about this event: – > June 10, 1987 - Upper Peninsula - Quad-County Long Track F3 EVENT LOCATION: Dickinson – Menominee – Delta – Schoolcraft Counties | Iron Mountian to Thompson EVENT DATE: June 10th, 1987 – 8:05 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F3 MAX PATH LENGTH: 71 miles / 114.2 km MAX WIDTH: 150 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 06/10/87/23 UTC – VAILD: 06/10/87/23 UTC – LOCATION: Menominee, Mich (48 miles SSW Escanaba, Mich) Read more about this event: – > March 27, 1991 - Huron National Forest Pair of F3s (Michigan's Largest Outbreak) EVENT LOCATION: Huron National Forecast – Ogemaw, Iosco, Alcona Counties EVENT DATE: March 27th, 1991 – 6:00 to 6:40 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 15 (Michigan’s largest 24hr tornado outbreak) MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F3 (x2) MAX PATH LENGTH: 35 miles / 56.3 km MAX WIDTH: 100 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 03/27/91/21 UTC – VAILD: 03/27/91/21 UTC – LOCATION: Whittemore, Mich (20 miles SE Rose City, Mich) Read more about this event: – > March 27, 1991 - Michigan Record Hail | 4.5 inches EVENT LOCATION: Kalamazoo County EVENT DATE: March 27th, 1991 MAX REPORTED HAIL SIZE: 4.5″ MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 03/27/91/22 UTC – VAILD:03/27/91/22 UTC – LOCATION: Galesburg, Mich > January 18, 1996 - Richland F0 (Michigan's only January tornado) EVENT LOCATION: Kalamazoo County | Richland EVENT DATE: January 18th 1996 – 5:01 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 (Michigan’s only January Tornado on record, 2nd ever during astronomical winter) MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F0 MAX PATH LENGTH: 0.1 miles MAX WIDTH: UND MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 01/18/96/22 UTC – VAILD: 01/18/96/22 UTC – LOCATION: Richland, Mich Read more about this event: – > June 21, 1996 - Isabella County F1 EVENT LOCATION: Isabella County | Beal City EVENT DATE: June 21st, 1996 – 9:26 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 4 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F1 MAX PATH LENGTH: 4.4 miles / 7 km MAX WIDTH: 80 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 06/22/96/01 UTC – VAILD: 06/22/96/01 UTC – LOCATION: Mount Pleasant, Mich (8 miles SE Beal City, Mich) Read more about this event: – > June 21, 1996 - Frankenmuth F3 EVENT LOCATION: Saginaw County | Frankenmuth EVENT DATE: June 21st, 1996 – 11:03 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 4 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F3 MAX PATH LENGTH: 1 miles / 1.6 km MAX WIDTH: 100 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 06/22/96/03 UTC – VAILD: 06/22/96/03 UTC – LOCATION: Birch Run, Mich (8 miles SE Frankenmuth, Mich) Read more about this event: – > July 2, 1997 - Genesee County Pair of F3s ('The Great Tornado Outbreak of 1997') EVENT LOCATION: Genesee County | Clio to SE of Clio EVENT DATE: July 2nd, 1997 – 4:30 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 14 (Michigan’s 2nd largest 24hr tornado outbreak) MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F3 (x2) MAX PATH LENGTH: 2 miles / 3.2 km MAX WIDTH: 1000 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 07/02/97/20 UTC – VAILD: 07/02/97/20 UTC – LOCATION: Mount Morris, Mich (5 miles SSE Clio, Mich) Read more about this event: – > July 2, 1997 - Metro Detroit F2 ('The Great Tornado Outbreak of 1997') EVENT LOCATION: Wayne County | Hamtramck EVENT DATE: July 2nd, 1997 – 6:30 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 14 (Michigan’s 2nd largest 24hr tornado outbreak) MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 6.7 miles / 10.7 km MAX WIDTH: 2500 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 07/02/97/22 UTC – VAILD: 07/02/97/22 UTC – LOCATION: Dearborn, Mich (4 miles S Hamtramck, Mich) Read more about this event: – > July 23, 1999 - Mount Pleasant Brief F0 EVENT LOCATION: Isabella County | Mount Pleasant EVENT DATE: July 23th, 1999 – 1:13 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 2 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F0 MAX PATH LENGTH: 0.1 miles / 0.1 km MAX WIDTH: 10 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 07/23/99/17 UTC – VAILD: 07/23/99/17 UTC – LOCATION: Mount Pleasant, Mich Read more about this event: – > June 6, 2001 - Bi-State Long Track F3 (Indiana, Ohio, Michigan Outbreak) EVENT LOCATION: Berrien, Cass, St. Joseph Counties | Bertrand to Cassopolis to Marcellus EVENT DATE: October 24th, 2001 – 2:11 AM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 4 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 47 miles / 75.6 km MAX WIDTH: 1320 yds MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 10/24/01/20 UTC – VAILD: 10/24/01/20 UTC – LOCATION: Edwardsburg, Mich (8 miles SSW Cassopolis, Mich) Read more about this event: NWS IWX: https://www.weather.gov/iwx/20011024_tornado > August 22, 2003 - Webberville F2 EVENT LOCATION: Ingham and Lenawee County | Webberville EVENT DATE: August 22nd, 2003 – 8:55 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 4.7 miles / 7.5 km MAX WIDTH: 880 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 08/22/03/00 UTC – VAILD: 08/22/03/00 UTC – LOCATION: Vantown, Mich (9 miles SSE Webberville, Mich) Read more about this event: – > June 9, 2004 - Jackson County Significant Hail | 4.25 inches EVENT LOCATION: Jackson County EVENT DATE: June 9, 2004 MAX REPORTED HAIL SIZE: 4.25″ MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 06/09/04/17 UTC – VAILD: 06/09/04/17 UTC – LOCATION: Jackson, Mich > August 24, 2007 - Charlotte to Potterville EF3 EVENT LOCATION: Eaton County | Charlotte to Potterville EVENT DATE: August 24th, 2007 – 4:25 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 4 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF3 MAX PATH LENGTH: 6.5 miles / 10.4 km MAX WIDTH: 300 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ERA5 F00 – RUN: 08/24/07/20 UTC – VAILD: 08/24/07/20 UTC – LOCATION: Eaton Rapids, Mich (9 miles ESE Charlotte, Mich) Read more about this event: – > October 18, 2007 - Long Rapids EF2 EVENT LOCATION: Alpena County | NW of Long Rapids EVENT DATE: October 18th, 2007 – 5:25 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 10 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 4.1 miles / 6.5 km MAX WIDTH: 430 yd MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ERA5 F00 – RUN: 10/18/07/22 UTC – VAILD: 10/18/07/22 UTC – LOCATION: Long Rapids, Mich Read more about this event: – > June 6, 2010 - White Pigeon, Michigan EF2 (Michigan, Ohio & Indiana 'Mini-Outbreak') EVENT LOCATION: St. Joseph County | White Pigeon EVENT DATE: June 6th, 2010 – 12:32 AM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 9 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 9.4 miles / 15.1 km MAX WIDTH: UND MAX WIND: 135 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: ERA5 F00 – RUN: 06/06/10/03 UTC – VAILD: 06/06/10/03 UTC – LOCATION: White Pigeon, Mich Read more about this event: NWS IWX: https://www.weather.gov/iwx/20100606_tornado > June 6, 2010 - Dundee, Michigan Overnight EF2 (Michigan, Ohio & Indiana 'Mini-Outbreak') EVENT LOCATION: Monroe County | Dundee EVENT DATE: June 6th, 2010 – 2:11 AM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 9 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 13 miles / 20.9 km MAX WIDTH: 800 yds MAX WIND: 115 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: ERA5 F00 – RUN: 06/06/10/06 UTC – VAILD: 06/06/10/06 UTC – LOCATION: Dundee, Mich Read more about this event: > April 26, 2011 - Allegan County EF-0 (2011 'Super-Outbreak') EVENT LOCATION: Allegan County | New Salem EVENT DATE: April 26th, 2011 – 5:44 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF0 MAX PATH LENGTH: 3.3 miles / 5.3 km MAX WIDTH: 50 yds MAX WIND: UND MODEL DATA: MODEL: ERA5 F00 – RUN: 04/26/11/21 UTC – VAILD: 04/26/11/21 UTC – LOCATION: Dorr, Mich (4 miles SE New Salem, Mich) Read more about this event: – > March 15, 2012 - Dexter EF-3 (Only Violent Michigan Tornado during the 2010s) EVENT LOCATION: Washtenaw County | Dexter EVENT DATE: March 15th, 2012 – 5:18 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 2 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF3 MAX PATH LENGTH: 7.6 miles / 12.2 km MAX WIDTH: 800 yds MAX WIND: 140 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: ERA5 F00 – RUN: 04/26/11/21 UTC – VAILD: 04/26/11/21 UTC – LOCATION: Dorr, Mich (4 miles SE New Salem, Mich) Read more about this event: NWS DTX: https://www.weather.gov/dtx/120315tornadoes > May 28, 2013 - Fenton, Michigan EF2 (Localized 'Mini-Outbreak') EVENT LOCATION: Genesee County | Fenton to near Grand Blanc EVENT DATE: May 28th, 2013 – 9:30 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 5 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 5.1 miles / 8.2 km MAX WIDTH: 500 yds MAX WIND: 115 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 05/29/13/01 UTC – VAILD: 05/29/13/01 UTC – LOCATION: Fenton, Mich Read more about this event: > May 28, 2013 - Fenton, Michigan EF2 (Localized 'Mini-Outbreak') - DTX RAOB EVENT LOCATION: Genesee County | Fenton to near Grand Blanc EVENT DATE: May 28th, 2013 – 9:30 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 5 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 5.1 miles / 8.2 km MAX WIDTH: 500 yds MAX WIND: 115 mph RAOB DATA: DTX (Detroit / White Lake Mich) | May 29th, 2013 – 00 UTC Read more about this event: > June 22, 2015 - Birch Run EF2 - (Thumb 'Mini-Outbreak') EVENT LOCATION: Saginaw to Tuscola Counties – Birch Run to Millington EVENT DATE: June 22th, 2015 – 9:03 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 5 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 11.1 miles / 17.8 km MAX WIDTH: 400 yards MAX WIND: 115 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 06/23/15/01 UTC – VAILD: 06/23/15/01 UTC – LOCATION: Clio, Mich (5 miles SSE Birch Run, Mich) Read more about this event: > June 22, 2015 - Birch Run EF2 - (Thumb 'Mini-Outbreak') - DTX RAOB EVENT LOCATION: Saginaw to Tuscola Counties – Birch Run to Millington EVENT DATE: June 22th, 2015 – 9:03 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 5 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): F2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 11.1 miles / 17.8 km MAX WIDTH: 400 yards MAX WIND: 115 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: DTX RAOB VAILD: 06/23/15/00 UTC – LOCATION: Detroit / White Lake, Michigan. Read more about this event: > August 2, 2015 - Upper Michigan Record Hail | 4.25 inches EVENT LOCATION: Ogemaw County EVENT DATE: August 2nd, 2004 MAX REPORTED HAIL SIZE: 4.25″ MODEL DATA: MODEL: ECMWF ERA-5 F00 – RUN: 08/02/15/20 UTC – VAILD: 08/02/15/20 UTC – LOCATION: West Branch, Mich > December 23, 2015 - Canton EF-1 (Michigan's Only December Tornado) EVENT LOCATION: Wayne County | Canton EVENT DATE: December 23rd, 2015 – 6:43 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 (Michigan’s Only December tornado on record, 3rd ever during astronomical winter) MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF-1 MAX PATH LENGTH: 2 miles / 17.8 km MAX WIDTH: 100 yards MAX WIND: 90 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 12/23/15/23 UTC – VAILD: 12/23/15/23 UTC – LOCATION: Westland, Mich (3 miles SE Canton, Mich) Read more about this event: > August 20, 2016 - Allegan County EF1 (West Michigan QLCS 'Mini-Outbreak') EVENT LOCATION: Allegan County | Allegan EVENT DATE: June 21st, 1996 – 1:42 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 6 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF1 MAX PATH LENGTH: 12.8 miles / 20.5 km MAX WIDTH: 100 yd MAX WIND: 110 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 06/22/96/01 UTC – VAILD: 06/22/96/01 UTC – LOCATION: Mount Pleasant, Mich (8 miles SE Beal City, Mich) Read more about this event: NWS GRR: Between noon and 3 PM on August 20th, a total of 6 tornadoes formed in Western Lower Michigan. Over the Grand Rapids metro area, the storm produced a cyclical series of tornadoes and downdraft-related damaging wind gusts. See below for additional tornado strength and location information! > March 14, 2019 - Perry to Lennon EF2 EVENT LOCATION: Shiawassee County | Perry to Durand to Lennon EVENT DATE: March 14th, 2019 – 6:45 to 7:05 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 4 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 18.2 miles / 29.2 km MAX WIDTH: 700 yds MAX WIND: 125 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 03/14/19/23 UTC – VAILD: 03/14/19/23 UTC – LOCATION: Perry, Mich Read more about this event: NWS DTX: Tornadoes: The Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale classifies tornadoes into the following categories: EF0 Weak 65-85 mph EF2 Significant 111-135 mph Photos & Video WOOD TV Channel 8 Story on Tornadoes MLive.com Story Southwest of Lennon, MI (Channel 25 Flint) Vernon, MI (CJ Postal) Vernon, MI (CJ Postal) Vernon, MI (CJ Postal) Vernon, MI (Jim Barrett) Roseville, MI (Anthony Robart) Columbus Township, MI (Amanda Jane K.) > June 26, 2021 - Port Austin, Michigan EF2 EVENT LOCATION: Huron County | Port Austin EVENT DATE: June 26th, 2021 – 5:49 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF3 MAX PATH LENGTH: 6.8 miles / 10.4 km MAX WIDTH: 400 yds MAX WIND: 120 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 06/26/21/21 UTC – VAILD: 06/26/21/21 UTC – LOCATION: Kinde, Mich (7 miles S Port Austin, Mich) Read more about this event: NWS DTX: Tornado – Port Austin, MI Huron County Summary: A tornado touched down 4 miles SW of Port Austin just north of the intersection between Port Crescent Rd and Sand Rd. The tornado began as an EF-0, producing several snapped trees and tree limbs, uprooted trees, and damage to barns and outbuildings. > July 24, 2021 - White Lake, Michigan Highly Deviant EF1 EVENT LOCATION: Oakland County | White Lake Township EVENT DATE: July 24th, 2021 – 7:45 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 4 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 1.8 miles / 2.8 km MAX WIDTH: 400 yds MAX WIND: 100 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 07/25/21/00 UTC – VAILD: 07/25/21/00 UTC – LOCATION: Pontiac, Mich (10 miles SE White Lake Township, Mich) Read more about this event: NWS DTX: EF0 Weak 65-85 mph EF2 Significant 111-135 mph Photos & Local Media Coverage Tornado Damage in Armada Credit: Matheu Morrison Tornado Damage in Armada Credit: Matheu Morrison Tornado Damage in Clayton Twp Credit: Ron Hilliard (NBC 25/FOX 66) Tornado Damage in Clayton Twp Credit: Ron Hilliard (NBC 25/FOX 66) Tornado > May 20, 2022 - Gaylord, Michigan EF3 EVENT LOCATION: Ostego County – Gaylord EVENT DATE: May 20th, 2022 – 3:35 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF3 MAX PATH LENGTH: 17.8 miles / 28.6 km MAX WIDTH: 200 yds MAX WIND: 150 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 05/20/22/19 UTC – VAILD: 05/20/22/19 UTC – LOCATION: Ostego Lake, Mich (9 miles S Gaylord, Mich) Read more about this event: NWS APX: Multiple thunderstorms tracked across northern Michigan during the afternoon, including a supercell thunderstorm that produced the tornado that hit the town of Gaylord along with very large hail in other parts of the area. Setting the stage for severe weather was a trough that rotated across the upper Midwest that developed and strengthened surface low pressure west of Lake Michigan. > May 20, 2022 - Gaylord, Michigan EF3 - APX RAOB EVENT LOCATION: Ostego County – Gaylord EVENT DATE: May 20th, 2022 – 3:35 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF3 MAX PATH LENGTH: 17.8 miles / 28.6 km MAX WIDTH: 200 yds MAX WIND: 150 mph RAOB DATA: APX (Gaylord, Mich) | May 20th, 2022 – 18 UTC Read more about this event: NWS APX: Multiple thunderstorms tracked across northern Michigan during the afternoon, including a supercell thunderstorm that produced the tornado that hit the town of Gaylord along with very large hail in other parts of the area. Setting the stage for severe weather was a trough that rotated across the upper Midwest that developed and strengthened surface low pressure west of Lake Michigan. > April 1, 2023 - Dundee, Michigan Unexpected EF0 EVENT LOCATION: Monroe County | Dundee EVENT DATE: April 1st, 2023 – 11:03 AM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF0 MAX PATH LENGTH: 7.3 miles / 11.7 km MAX WIDTH: 75 yds MAX WIND: 80 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 04/01/23/15 UTC – VAILD: 04/01/23/15 UTC – LOCATION: Dundee, Mich Read more about this event: A disorganized area of showers and some embedded thunderstorms tracked into southeast Michigan during the late morning hours of April 1st, 2023. While the overall environment was marginal owing to lack of instability, locally favorable conditions for severe weather developed south of I-94 as upper and low level features briefly interacted. > June 15, 2023 - Detroit Beech EF-1 EVENT LOCATION: Monroe County | Detroit Beach EVENT DATE: June 15th, 2023 – 6:09 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF1 MAX PATH LENGTH: 4.7 miles / 7.5 km MAX WIDTH: 400 yds MAX WIND: 90 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 06/15/23/22 UTC – VAILD: 06/15/23/22 UTC – LOCATION: Detroit, Mich Read more about this event: On the late afternoon of June 15th, a localized area of low pressure coupled with favorable upper-level dynamics produced numerous showers and thunderstorms mainly south of I-96. The prevailing atmospheric conditions accelerated the intensification of the storms, producing several strong to severe thunderstorms. Hail, measuring between 1-2 inches, emerged as the primary severe weather threat, with several instances of wind damage associated with gusts around 60 mph. > July 12, 2023 - Colon EF-1 EVENT LOCATION: St. Joseph County | Colon EVENT DATE: June 12th, 2023 – 11:09 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF1 MAX PATH LENGTH: 2.92 miles / 4.6 km MAX WIDTH: 50 yds MAX WIND: 90 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 07/13/23/03 UTC – VAILD: 07/13/23/03 UTC – LOCATION: Mattenson, Mich Read more about this event: On the evening of July 12th, a line of severe storms moved across Lake Michigan and into southwest Lower Michigan. As of 7:30 PM EDT on July 13th, we have confirmed one waterspout and one tornado from this event. > July 14, 2023 - Lexington Wedge EF-0 EVENT LOCATION: Sanilac County | Applegate-Lexington EVENT DATE: June 14th, 2023 – 3:24 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF0 MAX PATH LENGTH: 4.9 miles / 7.8 km MAX WIDTH: 450 yds (quarter-mile wide) MAX WIND: 85 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 07/14/23/19 UTC – VAILD: 07/14/23/19 UTC – LOCATION: Croswell, Mich Read more about this event: NWS DTX: An outbreak of multicell clusters and supercells developed across Southeast Michigan on the afternoon of July 14, 2023. These storms produced areas of wind damage, large hail to golf ball size, heavy rain, and an EF0 tornado in Sanilac County before moving eastward into Canada and the lakes during the evening. > July 26, 2023 - Stockbridge pair of EF-0s EVENT LOCATION: Jackson & Livingston Counties | Near Stockbridge EVENT DATE: June 26th, 2023 – 2:39 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 2 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF0 MAX PATH LENGTH: 1.5 miles / 2.4 km MAX WIDTH: 150 yds MAX WIND: 80 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 07/26/23/19 UTC – VAILD: 07/26/23/19 UTC – LOCATION: Unadilla, Mich Read more about this event: > August 11, 2023 - Downtown Perry EF-1 EVENT LOCATION: Shiawassee County | Perry EVENT DATE: August 11th, 2023 – 8:03 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 1 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF1 MAX PATH LENGTH: 3 miles / 4.8 km MAX WIDTH: 430 yds MAX WIND: 95 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 08/12/23/00 UTC – VAILD: 08/12/23/00 UTC – LOCATION: Perry, Mich Read more about this event: Numerous showers and thunderstorms filtered in across portions of Southeast Michigan through the evening of August 11, 2023. The strongest storms were found within the vicinity of or along a warm front, which produced sporadic reports of hail up to an inch and some isolated damaging wind gusts. > August 24, 2023 - Alpine Twp EF-1 EVENT LOCATION: Kent County | Alpine & Plainfield Townships EVENT DATE: August 24th, 2023 – 8:15 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 7 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF1 MAX PATH LENGTH: 8.7 miles / 14 km MAX WIDTH: 100 yds MAX WIND: 110 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 08/25/23/00 UTC – VAILD: 08/25/23/00 UTC – LOCATION: Ada, Mich Read more about this event: On August 24, 2023, severe thunderstorms formed over western Lower Michigan during the evening hours in the midst of an extremely unstable environment that also featured dew point readings (a measure of atmospheric moisture) around 80F, some of the highest we have seen over the last 60 years. > August 24, 2023 - Williamston-Webberville EF-2 EVENT LOCATION: Ingham & Livingston County | Near Williamston to near Webberville EVENT DATE: August 24th, 2023 – 9:29 PM ET NUMBER OF TORNADOES AROUND MICHIGAN: 7 MAX TORNADO RATING(S): EF2 MAX PATH LENGTH: 12 miles / 19.3 km MAX WIDTH: 500 yds MAX WIND: 125 mph MODEL DATA: MODEL: RAP F00 – RUN: 08/25/23/01 UTC – VAILD: 08/25/23/01 UTC – LOCATION: Vantown, Mich Read more about this event: On August 24, 2023, severe thunderstorms formed over western Lower Michigan during the evening hours in the midst of an extremely unstable environment that also featured dew point readings (a measure of atmospheric moisture) around 80F, some of the highest we have seen over the last 60 years. TOTAL CONFIRMED TORNADOES: ~ 1,071 TOTAL ESTIMATED PROPERTY DAMAGE & CROP DAMAGE: $1,133,086,550 | $1,512,500 TOTAL EF/F5s: 2 (1953 & 1956) (plus 2 pre-1950) TOTAL EF/F4s: 15 (most recent: 1977) (plus 11 pre-1950) TOTAL EF/F3s: 41 (most recent: 2022) TOTAL </= EF/F2: ~ 1022 Please note that the plots found on this page use MODELED REANALYSIS data from the RAP/RUC (2005-present), ERA-5 (1958-present), and a preliminary back extension of the ERA-5 (1943-1978) – i.e. not actual observations of the atmosphere*. Because of this, the plots provided here may not be entirely representative of the actual atmosphere that existed at the time & location of these reanalyzed plots. However, these reanalysis data provide a vertical profile that should closely resemble that of the actual atmosphere at the time. Reanalysis data are subject to the parameterization and schemes of the respective model. Plot time and location for each plot are determined by the author in order to best reflect an accurate, uncontaminated, and as-representative-as-possible profile. *A few cases in this library are actual RAOB profiles (marked RAOB) from NWS launch sites around the time of nearby tornado events. Note that there have been no modifications to the raw model output. Some interpolation operations take place to simplify parameter calculation and data plotting. Parameter calculations are subject to the author’s discretion. This archive is meant to act as a library of soundings that represent notable Michigan tornado environments in order to aid CMU student forecasters in tornadic-environment pattern recognition in the state of Michigan. Important note: vertical profiles (soundings) are not the only data forecasters should use to analyze meteorological conditions and weather phenomena. Other data sources such as surface analysis, mesoanalysis, and upper-air data should be considered but are not provided here. Check out this page for additional archive data resources. RAP model data comes from the NOAA NCAR THREDDS data server. ERA-5 data comes from the ECMWF CDS service. Tornado stat data comes from NOAA SPC / NCEI & NOAA NWS. The author of this page is Kyle Gillett. Acknowledgments: Cameron Nixon, Sam Brandt, Dan Butler, Ryan May. MetPy, SharpPy, Unidata. Read more about the RAP MODEL DATA. Read more about ERA-5 MODEL DATA. This plot style has been developed in a way that acts to provide as much information to the user as possible with attributes designed specifically for the analysis of severe convective environments,and supercells in particular. You will also find that this particular plot style lacks many of the common and popular severe weather composite indices – that was intentional. Most, if not all, of the data provided on this plot, are considered ‘true’ observations of the atmosphere and are not related to the ideology of ‘composite-index-forecasting’ but may still be subject to heavy assumptions. The data on this plot are considered, by most, to be useful in determining critical characteristics of the atmosphere related to tornadogenesis. It should be noted that an analysis of the data presented is not provided here. This page is meant to act solely as a library of plots.
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Tornadoes of August 20, 2016
March 14, 2019 Tornado and Severe Weather Event
2020s
Metro Detroit Flooding and Port Austin Tornado – June 26, 2021
Severe Thunderstorm and Tornado Summary July 24, 2021
Recap of Severe Weather: May 20th, 2022
Recap of Severe Weather: May 20th, 2022
Dundee Tornado April 1 2023
June 15 2023 Severe Storms and Detroit Beach Tornado
July 12 Colon, MI Tornado
July 14, 2023 Severe Storms and Lexington Tornado
Perry Tornado 2023 Event Summary
August24_2023_Tornadoes
August24_2023_Tornadoes
MICHIGAN TORNADO QUICK STATS & CLIMATOLOGY (1950-2022)
REANALYSIS DATA DISCLAIMER
MICHIGAN TORNADO SOUNDING ARCHIVE GUIDE
ABOUT THESE PLOTS:
Calculating streamwise vorticity on a sounding:
On the plots included in this archive, streamwiseness (%) and streamwise vorticity (/sec) are already calculated. But, for reference about how to calculate it by hand on a model sounding, or perhaps to gain a better understanding of how the calculation works, here is an example:
About the page author
This page, the plots in the archive, and the archive itself were created by Kyle Gillett, the webmaster for the CMU Student Chapter of the American Meteorological Society (2020-2023). Kyle considers himself an amateur programmer. He has also worked on other various projects such as MVP-RAP, the CMU Weather Mapwall, CMU Weather Model Viewer, maintaining this website, creating News Central graphic packages, and developing plots for Dr. Baxter’s electronic mapwall.
If you have questions you can contact Kyle on Twitter (@wxkylegillett) or via email (gille3kj@cmich.edu).
This page is currently not, and may never be entirely completed and is subject to changes at the discretion of the page author.
(C) CMU SCAMS & Kyle Gillett 2022 & 2023